Static Routing

Objectives

• Define the general role a router plays in networks.
• Describe the directly connected networks, different router interfaces.
• Examine directly connected networks in the routing table and use the CDP protocol.
• Describe static routes with exit interfaces.
• Describe summary and default route.
• Examine how packets get forwarded when using static routes.
• Identify how to manage and troubleshoot static routes.

   Functions of a Router
– Best Path Selections
– Forwarding packets to destination
   Introducing the Topology
–  3 1800 series routers connected via WAN links
–  Each router connected to a LAN represented by a switch and a PC

  Connections of a Router for WAN

– A router has a DB-60 port that can support 5 different cabling
standards
  Connections of a Router for Ethernet
– 2 types of connectors can be used: Straight through and Cross-over
•  Straight through used to connect:

– Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Router-to-Server, Hub-to-PC, Hub-to-Server

•  Cross-over used to connect:

– Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub, Hub-to- Hub, Router-to-Router

Examining Router Interfaces
– Show IP router command – used to view routing table
– Show Interfaces command – used to show status of an interface
– Show IP Interface brief command – used to show a portion of the interface information
– Show running-config command – used to show configuration file in RAM

Configuring an Ethernet interface
– By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
– To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command

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Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocol

Objectives

• Describe the role of dynamic routing protocols and place these protocols in the context of modern network design.
• Identify several ways to classify routing protocols.
• Describe how metrics are used by routing protocols and identify the metric types used by dynamic routing protocols.
• Determine the administrative distance of a route and describe its importance in the routing process.
• Identify the different elements of the routing table.

  Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols:

-Dynamically share information between routers.
-Automatically update routing table when topology changes.
-Determine best path to a destination.

 

 The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to:

-Discover remote networks
-Maintaining up-to-date routing information
-Choosing the best path to destination networks
-Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available

    Components of a routing protocol:

• Algorithm

In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are used for facilitating routing information and best path determination

• Routing protocol messages

These are messages for discovering neighbors and exchange of routing information

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Objectives

• Identify the characteristics of distance vector routing protocols.
• Describe the network discovery process of distance vector routing protocols using Routing Information
• Protocol (RIP).
• Describe the processes to maintain accurate routing tables used by distance vector routing protocols.
• Identify the conditions leading to a routing loop and explain the implications for router performance.
• Recognize that distance vector routing protocols are in use today

Examples of Distance Vector routing protocols:

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Distance Vector Technology

• The Meaning of Distance Vector:

A router using distance vector routing protocols
knows 2 things:

1. Distance to final destination
2. V ector, or direction, traffic should be directed

Characteristics of Distance Vector routing protocols:

• Periodic updates
• Neighbors
• Broadcast updates
• Entire routing table is included with routing update

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RIP version 1

Objectives

• Describe the functions, characteristics, and operation of the RIPv1 protocol.
• Configure a device for using RIPv1.
• Verify proper RIPv1 operation.
• Describe how RIPv1 performs automatic summarization.
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot default routes propagated in a routed network implementing RIPv1.
• Use recommended techniques to solve problems related to RIPv1

RIPv1

• RIP Characteristics

-A classful, Distance Vector (DV) routing protocol
-Metric = hop count
-Routes with a hop count > 15 are unreachable
-Updates are broadcast every 30 seconds

• RIP Message Format
• RIP header - divided into 3 fields

-Command field
-Version field
-Must be zero

•  Route Entry - composed of 3 fields

-Address family identifier
-IP address
-Metric

•  RIP Operation

–  RIP uses 2 message types 

          >Request message

                          -This is sent out on startup by each RIP enabled interface send

                          -Requests all RIP enabled neighbors to routing table

                    >Response message

                           -Message sent to requesting router containing routing table

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VLSM and CIDR

Objectives

• Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing.
• Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless IP addressing.
• Describe the role of the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) standard in making efficient use of scarce IPv4 addresses

Introduction

• Prior to 1981, IP addresses used only the first 8 bits to specify the network portion of the address
• In 1981, RFC 791 modified the IPv4 32-bit address to allow for three different classes
IP address space was depleting rapidly the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) introduced Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

- CIDR uses Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) to help conserve address space.
-VLSM is simply subnetting a subnet

Classful and Classless IP Addressing

• Classful IP addressing
• As of January 2007, there are over 433 million hosts on internet
• Initiatives to conserve IPv4 address space include:

-VLSM & CIDR notation (1993, RFC 1519)
-Network Address Translation (1994, RFC 1631)
-Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918)

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Living in a Network Centric World

Objectives

• Describe how networks impact our daily lives.
• Describe the role of data networking in the human network.
• Identify the key components of any data network.
• Identify the opportunities and challenges posed by converged networks.
• Describe the characteristics of network architectures: fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service and
• security.
• Install and use IRC clients and a Wiki server.

How Networks Impact Daily Life

• Explain the benefits of instantaneous communication and how it supports and improves our lives.

• Describe the characteristics and purpose of popular communication media such as, IM, Wikis , Blogs, Podcasting, and Collaboration Tools

– Instant messaging
•  Real time communication between 2 or more people based on typed text
–  Weblogs (Blogs)
• Web pages created by an individual
–  Podcasting
•  Website that contains audio files available for downloading

•  Explain ways that using information networks to share and collaborate improves teaching and learning

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Communicating over the Network

Objectives

• Describe the structure of a network, including the devices and media that are necessary for successful communications.
• Explain the function of protocols in network communications.
• Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe network functionality.
• Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model. Describe the importance of addressing and naming
• schemes in network communications

Network Structure

1.  Define the elements of communication

• 3 common elements of communication

•  message source
•  the channel
•  message destination

      2. Define a network

• data or information networks capable of carrying many different types of communications

     3. Describe how messages are communicated

• Data is sent across a network in small “chunks” called segments

       4. Define the components of a network

–  Network components

• hardware
• software

     5. End Devices and their Role in the Network

–  End devices form interface with human network & communications network
–  Role of end devices:

• client
• server
• both client and server

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Application Layer Functionality and Protocols

Objectives

• Define the application layer as the source and destination of data for communication across networks.
• Explain the role of protocols in supporting communication between server and client processes.
• Describe the features, operation, and use of well-known TCP/IP application layer services (HTTP, DNS, SMTP).

Applications – The Interface Between Human and Data Networks

• Explain that applications provide the means for generating and receiving data that can be transported on the network

• Explain the role of applications, services and protocols in converting communication to data that can be transferred across the data network

• Define the separate roles applications, services and protocols play in transporting data through networks

• Describe the role protocols play in networking and be able to identify several message properties that can be defined by a protocol

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OSI Transport Layer

Objectives

• Explain the role of Transport Layer protocols andservices in supporting communications across data networks
• Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reliability
• Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reassembly and manage data loss.
• Analyze the operation of UDP to support communicate between two processes on end devices

Transport Layer Role and Services

• Explain the purpose of the Transport layer

•  Major functions of the transport layer and the role it plays in data networks

• Supporting Reliable Communication

• Identify the basic characteristics of the UDP and TCP protocols

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Data Communication Models

Contents

• Explanation of the OSI model and seven layers
• The function of each layer
• The process of communication between devices
• TCP / IP model

Encapsulation/Decapsulation

What is OSI model?

• Open Systems Interconnection model is fundamental to all communications between network devices.
• Dikembangkan pada 1974 oleh ISO setelah digunakan protokol TCP/IP suite oleh American Department of Defence.
• Terakhir telah di adopsi pada 1977. Sekarang dijadikan model teori (theoretical model ) untuk menjelaskankan bagaimana komunikasi antara devais jaringan.

What is "seven layers"?
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Networking Basics

• A network is, fundamentally, a system of senders and receivers – a common feature of any communication system.
• The sender, or source, is a computer which sends information to another.
• The receiver, or destination computer, is the computer to which the information is sent.
• Any machine capable of communicating on the network is a device or node.In order to communicate the devices must be connected to each other.
• Most networks are connected by cable.
• Cables can use either copper or optical fibre to carry the signals
• Radio and microwave transmission are becoming increasingly common.
• If two or more networks are connected to each other this is known as an internetwork

Communication Model Diagram

Communications Data Model

Categories of Networks (1)

• A network which covers a single floor, or perhaps an entire building, is known as a Local Area Network (LAN).
• LANs connected using high speed links across a metropolitan area is known as a MAN.
• If the public switched telephone network is used to connect the networks this is known as a Wide Area Network, or WAN.
• If a number of LANs are connected to a larger central network this is known as a Backbone Network, or BN (eg University of Wolverhampton).

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Transmission Media

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