Static Routing

Objectives

• Define the general role a router plays in networks.
• Describe the directly connected networks, different router interfaces.
• Examine directly connected networks in the routing table and use the CDP protocol.
• Describe static routes with exit interfaces.
• Describe summary and default route.
• Examine how packets get forwarded when using static routes.
• Identify how to manage and troubleshoot static routes.

   Functions of a Router
– Best Path Selections
– Forwarding packets to destination
   Introducing the Topology
–  3 1800 series routers connected via WAN links
–  Each router connected to a LAN represented by a switch and a PC

  Connections of a Router for WAN

– A router has a DB-60 port that can support 5 different cabling
standards
  Connections of a Router for Ethernet
– 2 types of connectors can be used: Straight through and Cross-over
•  Straight through used to connect:

– Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Router-to-Server, Hub-to-PC, Hub-to-Server

•  Cross-over used to connect:

– Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub, Hub-to- Hub, Router-to-Router

Examining Router Interfaces
– Show IP router command – used to view routing table
– Show Interfaces command – used to show status of an interface
– Show IP Interface brief command – used to show a portion of the interface information
– Show running-config command – used to show configuration file in RAM

Configuring an Ethernet interface
– By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
– To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command

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Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocol

Objectives

• Describe the role of dynamic routing protocols and place these protocols in the context of modern network design.
• Identify several ways to classify routing protocols.
• Describe how metrics are used by routing protocols and identify the metric types used by dynamic routing protocols.
• Determine the administrative distance of a route and describe its importance in the routing process.
• Identify the different elements of the routing table.

  Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols:

-Dynamically share information between routers.
-Automatically update routing table when topology changes.
-Determine best path to a destination.

 

 The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to:

-Discover remote networks
-Maintaining up-to-date routing information
-Choosing the best path to destination networks
-Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available

    Components of a routing protocol:

• Algorithm

In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are used for facilitating routing information and best path determination

• Routing protocol messages

These are messages for discovering neighbors and exchange of routing information

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Objectives

• Identify the characteristics of distance vector routing protocols.
• Describe the network discovery process of distance vector routing protocols using Routing Information
• Protocol (RIP).
• Describe the processes to maintain accurate routing tables used by distance vector routing protocols.
• Identify the conditions leading to a routing loop and explain the implications for router performance.
• Recognize that distance vector routing protocols are in use today

Examples of Distance Vector routing protocols:

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Distance Vector Technology

• The Meaning of Distance Vector:

A router using distance vector routing protocols
knows 2 things:

1. Distance to final destination
2. V ector, or direction, traffic should be directed

Characteristics of Distance Vector routing protocols:

• Periodic updates
• Neighbors
• Broadcast updates
• Entire routing table is included with routing update

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RIP version 1

Objectives

• Describe the functions, characteristics, and operation of the RIPv1 protocol.
• Configure a device for using RIPv1.
• Verify proper RIPv1 operation.
• Describe how RIPv1 performs automatic summarization.
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot default routes propagated in a routed network implementing RIPv1.
• Use recommended techniques to solve problems related to RIPv1

RIPv1

• RIP Characteristics

-A classful, Distance Vector (DV) routing protocol
-Metric = hop count
-Routes with a hop count > 15 are unreachable
-Updates are broadcast every 30 seconds

• RIP Message Format
• RIP header - divided into 3 fields

-Command field
-Version field
-Must be zero

•  Route Entry - composed of 3 fields

-Address family identifier
-IP address
-Metric

•  RIP Operation

–  RIP uses 2 message types 

          >Request message

                          -This is sent out on startup by each RIP enabled interface send

                          -Requests all RIP enabled neighbors to routing table

                    >Response message

                           -Message sent to requesting router containing routing table

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VLSM and CIDR

Objectives

• Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing.
• Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless IP addressing.
• Describe the role of the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) standard in making efficient use of scarce IPv4 addresses

Introduction

• Prior to 1981, IP addresses used only the first 8 bits to specify the network portion of the address
• In 1981, RFC 791 modified the IPv4 32-bit address to allow for three different classes
IP address space was depleting rapidly the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) introduced Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

- CIDR uses Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) to help conserve address space.
-VLSM is simply subnetting a subnet

Classful and Classless IP Addressing

• Classful IP addressing
• As of January 2007, there are over 433 million hosts on internet
• Initiatives to conserve IPv4 address space include:

-VLSM & CIDR notation (1993, RFC 1519)
-Network Address Translation (1994, RFC 1631)
-Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918)

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